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# Basic Electrical

## Effect of Temperature on Resistance | Temperature Coefficient of Resistance

Checking the voltage/current (V/I) ratio of conductors at various temperatures shows that the resistance of most conducting materials increases linearly with temperature except at very hot or very cold temperatures. Temperature has little effect on the resistance of some alloys, such as constantan. For a few materials, including carbon and …

## Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC Circuit

In any AC circuit consisting of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, either in series or in parallel, a condition can happen in which the reactive power of the capacitors and of the inductors become equal. This condition is called resonance. Simultaneous with the capacitive reactive power and the inductive reactive power being …

## Phase Relationships in AC Circuits | Phase Difference | Phase Shift

Phase Difference When we have two sine waves with the same frequency, the duration of one cycle is the same for both. Nonetheless, irrespective of their peak values, there are two possibilities: 1. The two waveforms reach their maximum values (and accordingly their minimum values) at the same instant. In this …

## Relationship between Voltage Current and Resistance

The fundamental relationship between resistance, voltage, and current can be expressed using Ohm’s law. Mathematically, it is expressed as: $V=IR$ Where, V is measured in Volts I is measured in Amps R is measured in Ohms Electric Current The electric current is a measure of the rate of flow (i.e., …

## Semiconductor Diode: Theory, Types & Characteristics

Diode Definition: A diode is a device designed to permit electron flow in one direction and block flow from the other direction. A diode consists of two electrodes: a cathode and an anode. A cathode is an electrode that emits (gives off) electrons. An anode collects the electrons and puts …

## What is a Semiconductor | Basics & Characteristics

Semiconductor Definition: Semiconductors are elements which have a conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductors can be pure materials, such as silicon or germanium, or a combination of different materials such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide. In a doping technique, impurities are added to pure semiconductors making changes in the …

## Low & High Pass Filter: Working Principle & Circuit Diagram

Inductance and capacitance are quite useful in electronic circuitry. One example of this usefulness is the filter. A filter is a circuit that separates specific frequencies. There are many filter designs. For example, filters can be designed to pass low frequencies and reject high frequencies; to reject low frequencies and …

## RLC Resonance, Acceptor, Tank & Rejector Circuit

RLC networks are ac circuits that have resistors, capacitors, and inductors placed in the circuit to pass, reject, or control current. A circuit containing all three factors—resistance, inductance, and capacitance—is called an RLC circuit. The resulting impedance in an RLC circuit is equal to the vector addition of R in …

## Capacitors in AC Circuit | Capacitor Impedance or Capacitive Reactance Formula

When an ac voltage is applied to a capacitor, the plates charge and discharge repeatedly. During the first half-cycle, the plates charge up (one plate negative and one plate positive) and discharge back to zero. During the next half-cycle, the plates charge to the opposite polarities of the first half …

## RC Circuit: Transient Response & Time Constant

Definition: The response of current and voltage in a circuit immediately after a change in applied voltage is called the transient response. Refer to Figure 1. A capacitor and a resistor are connected in series across a voltage source. A circuit that contains resistance and capacitance is called an RC …

## Inductors in AC Circuit |Inductive Reactance or Inductor Impedance: Definition & Formula

In an ac circuit, the applied voltage constantly varies and reverses polarity. Any inductance in the circuit will generate a counter emf, which will oppose the source voltage. This event can be observed by setting up the experiment. Connect a light to a six- volt dc source. Note its brilliance. …

## American Wire Gauge | Chart | Sizes | Circular Mil Definition

Many conductors are much less than an inch in diameter. To simplify area calculations for such conductors, the foot-pound system uses an area unit, called a circular mil, based on a mil, or one-thousandth of an inch (see Figure 1). Definition: One circular mil (CM) is the area of a …

## Electrical Resistance: Definition, Unit, Formula, Examples

Resistance Definition: It is the opposition to current and is symbolized by R. Its unit is the ohm, symbolized by the Greek letter Ω. A voltage applied to a conductor causes a net drift of free electrons along the length of the conductor. Repulsion from electrons entering the conductor from the circuit’s energy source …