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# Instrumentation

## Digital Frequency Meter Circuit Diagram and Working Principle

The frequency of periodic electric voltage or current can be determined directly by the use of a frequency meter or indirectly through a comparison with a known frequency. One of the many frequency meters that directly indicates frequency is reed –type meter of the following figure. Fig.1: (a) Reed-Type Meter …

## Oscilloscope Basics | What is an Oscilloscope

“Oscilloscope is most widely used to display amplitude and period of the signal as well as the shape of the wave.” Anything can be measured on the two-dimensional graph drawn by an oscilloscope. Normally, voltage is displayed on the vertical, or Y-axis and time on the horizontal, or X axis …

## Potentiometer Variable Resistor Working Principle

A potentiometer or a rheostat is an instrument used to measure and compare potentials without drawing any current from the circuit. Potentiometer Principle The potential difference across any length of wire of uniform cross-section area is directly proportional to its length where a constant current flows through it. A potentiometer consists …

## Wheatstone Bridge Circuit Theory and Working Principle

Wheatstone bridge is used to measure unknown resistance and is defined by the circuit of the following figure. In above Figure, R1, R2, and R3 are known resistances and Rx is the resistance whose value is to be determined. At least one of the known resistances is variable. The variable resistance is …

## AC Energy Meter Working Principle

Energy is the product of power and time and is measured in watt-seconds or Joule. Since the voltage and current in a DC circuit are constant values, the energy is easily computed from a measurement of power and time, $W=Pt~~~~~~~~~~Joule$ Where W is in watt-seconds or Joules, P in watts …

## Power Measurement In a Three-Phase System using Wattmeter

Wattmeter is an instrument, used to measure power in a circuit using current and voltage of the circuit. The wattmeter is essentially an electrodynamic mechanism, in which the stationary and movable coils separately measure the current and voltage of the circuit, as shown in Fig. The stationary coil is designed …