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What is Physics Definition Physics is a branch of natural science that involves the study of matter, energy, and how they relate to each other over time and through space.  This field investigates a broad range of phenomena in nature, such as understanding the structure of the atom and learning …

Motor Contactors and Motor Starters are pilot devices used to control large current loads. Large current loads such as heaters, parking lot lights, and electric motors require a large amount of current during startup. To avoid exposing the operator and light-duty control devices, such as common household light switches to …

Control devices like push buttons, limit switches, and pressure switches are connected into a circuit to attain a logical function in a predetermined manner. All control circuits are basic logic functions or combinations of logic functions. Logic functions are common to all areas of industry. The subjects that utilize the …

An Electric field takes place where a voltage exists. They are produced around appliances and cables since a voltage exists. If the voltage is higher, an electric field is stronger and its strength is measured in volts per meter (V/m). The field strength diminishes quickly as we move away from …

The primary difference between the analog and the digital filter is that a digital filter needs to sample the input signal (analog signal) and then convert it into binary numbers. These numbers are stacked (stored) as digital data in a system hard drive, treated, and manipulated digitally. On the other …

DC motor and DC generator are similar from the mechanical perspective, however from a technical stand point, both differ from each other significantly. The most significant difference between DC motor and DC generator lies in the conversion mechanism. DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy whereas DC generator converts …

Current Transformer Current transformers (CT) are broadly employed in order to measure high magnitude currents. Such transformers basically step down (lower) the current which is to be measured, so that it can be measured with an average range ammeter. A CT generally possesses one or few primary turns. The primary …

The zeros zj of G(s) do not affect the system stability. However, they do affect the amplitudes of the mode functions in the system response and can block the transmission of certain input signals. In general, to assess the Impact of the zeros on the amplitude of the mode functions, …

Poles and Stability If pi is a pole of G(s), then the natural, or zero-input, the response of G(s) will consist of the mode functions epit if pi is distinct, and tq epit, q = 0, 1,. . ., r – 1, if pi has multiplicity r. Thus the natural …

Response to a General Input In addition to computing and plotting the impulse and step responses of a system, MATLAB can be used to find and display the response to general functions of time. This is done with the lsim command, which can be used in a variety of ways. …

Step Response The Laplace transform of a system’s unit step response is the product of the system’s transfer function G(s), and 1/s, the transform of the unit step function. The poles of the resulting transform are the poles of G(s) and a pole at s = 0 (due to the …

­Time Response Due to Repeated Poles Up to this point the discussion has been restricted to distinct poles. Either real or complex. For a repeated pole there will be more than one term in the time response, with the number of terms depending on the multiplicity of the pole. For …

Time Response due to Distinct Poles In addition to computing the time response of the output, we can use MATLAB to evaluate and display the time response due to an individual real pole or to a pair of complex poles. Recall that a real pole at s = p with …

How to Obtain an Impulse Response Once a transform (or transfer function) G(s) has been defined in MATLAB, operations can be performed to compute and display the corresponding time function g(t), known as the inverse Laplace transform. If the poles are known, G(s) can be written as a partial-fraction expansion …

Transfer Functions Representation Consider a fixed single-input/single-output linear system with input u(t) and output y(t) given by the differential equation $\begin{matrix}   \overset{..}{\mathop{y}}\,+6\overset{.}{\mathop{y}}\,+5y=4\overset{.}{\mathop{u}}\,+3u & \cdots  & (1)  \\\end{matrix}$ Applying the Laplace transform to both sides of (1) with zero initial conditions, we obtain the transfer function of the system from the …