The physical size of a resistor is not determined by its resistance but by how much power, or heat, it can dissipate. It electric circuits, the unit of power is the watt (W), named in honor of James Watt. One watt is the power dissipated when one ampere flows under …
Read More »Winding Capacitance A side effect of inductors caused by multiple wraps of wire being in close proximity. Winding Resistance The DC resistance of the wire making up the inductor. Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge is used to measure unknown resistance Weber The SI unit of magnetic flux. Watt Power …
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The opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of AC is called impedance. By measuring the voltage and current in an AC circuit and utilizing the following equation $Z={}^{V}/{}_{I}$ We can obtain the magnitude of circuit impedance. However, it is often desirable to separate impedance into resistive and reactive …
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Ohmmeter Definition An ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure the resistance. It is an instrument containing a voltage source and a meter directly calibrated in ohms. Series Ohmmeter One type of ohmmeter is the series ohmmeter, so called because the meter movement is in series with the source of …
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Why Fourier series? There are many functions that are important in engineering which are not sinusoids or exponentials. A few examples are square waves, saw-tooth waves, and triangular pulses. Indeed, a function may be represented by a set of data points and have no analytical representation given at all. In …
Read More »Systems can be classified into following different categories in signals and systems because of their inherent properties: Order of the system Causal and non-causal systems Linear and Non-Linear Systems Fixed and Time-Varying Systems Lumped and Distributed parameter Systems Continuous-time and Discrete-time Systems Instantaneous and dynamic systems Before proceeding to more …
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Bode Plot Example of First-Order System using Matlab In this article, Bode Plot of Simple Phase-Lag Network (First Order System) is obtained using Matlab. In order to draw Bode Plot, we need transfer function from which we deduce the equations for Magnitude and Phase. \[G(s)=\frac{1}{2s+1}\] Function in the frequency domain …
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Bode Plot Definition H.W. Bode introduced a method to present the information of a polar plot of a transfer function GH(s), actually the frequency response GH (jω), as two plots with the angular frequency were at the common axis. The first plot shows the magnitude of the transfer function as …
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The state space models derivation is not contrary to that of transfer functions in that the differential equations are written first in order to express the system dynamics.Generally, In transfer function models, these differential equations are transformed and variables are carried off between them in order to achieve the relation …
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what is Root Locus Consider as a standard form for root locus construction, the open-loop transfer function given by; \[GH(s)=K\frac{(s+{{z}_{1}})(s+{{z}_{2}})\cdots (s+{{z}_{z}})}{(s+{{p}_{1}})(s+{{p}_{2}})\cdots (s+{{p}_{p}})}\] Where there are z finite zeros and p finite poles of GH(s). We write the characteristic equation for the system given below; Fig.1: Closed-Loop System \[\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)H(s)}\] The …
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Transient Response Definition Damping Oscillation: A typical Transient Response Example For a system with transfer function G(s), whether open loop or closed loop and input R(s), the output is \[C\left( s \right)=\text{ }G\text{ }\left( s \right)\text{ }R\left( s \right)\] For distinct poles, whether real or complex, the partial fraction expansion …
Read More »Physical Quantity Definition A physical quantity is characterized by defining how it is measured or by expressing how it is computed from other measurements. For instance, distance and time are expressed by defining methods for evaluating them, while we express average speed by stating that it is computed as distance …
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Nyquist Criterion Definition The Nyquist criterion is a frequency domain tool which is used in the study of stability. To use this criterion, the frequency response data of a system must be presented as a polar plot in which the magnitude and the phase angle are expressed as a function …
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Signal Flow Graph The application of mason’s gain formula to the signal flow graph corresponding to a given detailed block diagram is undoubtedly simplest operational procedure for obtaining the system transfer function. A signal flow graph is composed of various loops and one or more paths leading from an input …
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Block Diagram in Contol System By using block diagrams when examining larger systems, attention can be focused on a smaller number of elements or subsystems whose properties may already be known. By doing this, a set of individual blocks representing the various elements or subsystems is formed, and these blocks …
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