## Laplace Transform:Introduction and Example

Laplace Transform Definition The Laplace transform X(s) is a complex-valued function of the complex variable s. In other words, given a complex number s, the value X(s) of the transform at the point s is, in general, a complex number. Given a function x (t) of the continuous-time variable t, …

## Z Transform Introduction | Z Transform Properties

INTRODUCTION TO Z-TRANSFORM  For the sake of analyzing continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system, Laplace transformation is utilized. And z-transform is applied for the analysis of discrete-time LTI system.  Z-transform is fundamentally a numerical tool applied for a transition of a time domain into frequency domain and is a mathematical function …

## Continuous Time Graphical Convolution Example

This is the continuation of the PREVIOUS TUTORIAL. Steps for Graphical Convolution First of all re-write the signals as functions of τ: x(τ) and h(τ) Flip one of the signals around t = 0 to get either x(-τ) or h(-τ) Best practice is to flip the signal with shorter interval …

## Basic System Properties

Definition of a System A common way of viewing a system is in terms of a “black box” with terminals, as illustrated in the following figure: In the figure, x1(t), x2(t)… xp(t) are the signals applied to the p input terminals of the system and y1 (t), y2 (t)… yq …

## Linear Difference Equations

Consider the single–input single –output discrete time system given by the input/output difference equation. $y\left( kT+nT \right)+\underset{i=0}{\overset{n-1}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{a}_{i}}y\left( kT+iT \right)=\underset{i=0}{\overset{m}{\mathop \sum }}\,{{b}_{i}}x\left( kT+iT \right)~~~~~~~~~~~~\left( 1 \right)$ In (1), T is a fixed real number, k is a variable that takes its values from the set of integers, and the …

## Source Transformation Example Problems with Solutions

A highly valuable byproduct of Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem is the technique of source transformation. Source transformation is based on the observation that if a Thevenin’s network and Norton’s network are both equivalent to a particular source network, then they must also equivalent to each other. This observation allows you …