## Battery Sizing Calculation | Solved Example

This particular article talks about the battery sizing for certain applications such as Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), solar PV system, telecommunications, and other auxiliary services in power system. Whatsoever the practical application, batteries are proven technology to store an electrical energy. Other than storage purposes, batteries are extensively utilized in …

## Load Profile Calculation | Solved Example

The load profile is an approximation of the aggregate energy required from a power system over a particular time period (e.g., years, days, hours). The load profile is demonstrated in a two-dimension graph exhibiting the instantaneous load (in Volt-Amperes) over a certain period of time and presents an easy way …

## Solar PV System Sizing: Step By Step Guide

This particular article talks about the standalone solar photovoltaic (PV) system sizing. Standalone PV systems are primarily utilized for providing power to small, remote areas where it’s impractical to lay down a transmission line or even have some alternative generation option like diesel generators. Though this article focuses mainly towards …

Autotransformer Definition The autotransformer has a single winding on an iron core. One of the coil terminals is common to both input and output, and the other output terminal is movable so that it can make contact with any turn on the winding. Step-Up/ Step-Down Autotransformer An autotransformer can be …

## Three Phase Transformer Connections Phasor Diagrams

Three Phase Transformer Connections A three-phase transformer is built for a specific connection and voltage transformation and the unit will have a nameplate with the internal connections shown. When a single unit or bank of three is used, there are four types of connections. The four basic connections are: Y-Y, Y-∆, ∆-Y, and ∆-∆. …

## Transformer Nameplate Details Explained

Transformer nameplates contain several standard items of information and other optional information. Transformer nameplate must specify the following parameters: Volt-Ampere (VA) or kilovolt-amperes (kVA) rating The voltage rating of both the primary and secondary circuits The impedance rating of the transformer (normally restricted to 25 kVA or larger) The required …

## Passive Components in AC Circuits with Equations

There are three key passive elements used in many electrical and electronic circuits such as: Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor. All these three elements limit the current flow but in a dissimilar manner. Since passive elements exhaust energy, they cannot amplify the electrical signals power employed to them and will always …

## Transformer Polarity Test

Transformer windings are marked to identify terminals with the same polarity. Polarity marks may either be dots or + marks. Alternatively, polarity marks may be shown by assigning the same subscripts to corresponding primary and secondary labels, H and X, respectively. Thus, when the primary terminals are named H1 and …

## Difference between Traditional Power Grid and Smart Grid

The traditional power grid is basically the interconnection of various power systems elements such as synchronous machines, power transformers, transmission lines, transmission substations, distribution lines, distribution substations, and different types of loads. They are located far from the power consumption area and electric power is transmitted through long transmission lines. …

## RLC Series Circuit Problems with Solutions

These questions are related to RL Series Circuit, RC Series Circuit, and RLC Series Circuit. These topics are covered in detail here: RL Series Circuit RC Series Circuit RLC Series Circuit Impedance in an AC Circuit 1. Define a series RL circuit: The combination of a resistor and inductor connected …

## Smart Grid Technology and Applications | Smart Grid Components

Now a day, we are often hearing about smart grid, in the news and around all of us too but most of the people do not have the basic understanding of what a smart grid really is? Just because the word ‘smart” has been attached to it, do not assume …

## Lead Acid Battery: Construction, Working, Charging

Lead-Acid Battery Construction The lead-acid battery is the most commonly used type of storage battery and is well-known for its application in automobiles. The battery is made up of several cells, each of which consists of lead plates immersed in an electrolyte of dilute sulfuric acid. The voltage per cell …

## Transformer Losses and Efficiency Calculation

Transformer Efficiency Definition The efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of the power output Poutput and power input Pinput, both expressed in watts. Thus, $\begin{matrix} \eta =\frac{{{P}_{out}}}{{{P}_{in}}} & {} & \left( 1 \right) \\\end{matrix}$ Or since the input is the output plus losses, \[\begin{matrix}   \begin{align}  & \eta …