$A=\left[ \begin{matrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & -5 \\\end{matrix} \right]$ $~b=\left[ \begin{matrix} 1.25 \\ -1.25 \\\end{matrix} \right]$ $u=e$

Impedance, Inductive Reactance and Capacitive Reactance

Impedance is the combined resistance in the flow of current because of resistive and reactive elements in the circuit. It is measured is ohm and calculated as follows; $Z=R+jX$ Inductive Reactance Consider a sinusoidal current to be flowing in the pure inductance as shown in the following Fig. that is …

Power Factor Correction using Capacitor Bank

The ratio of true power to apparent power in an AC Circuit is called the power factor and can be expressed as follows: $PF=\frac{True\text{ Power P}}{Apparent\text{ Power S}}$ It is also defined as the ratio of resistance to the impedance (series circuit): $PF=\frac{\operatorname{Resistance}\text{ R}}{\operatorname{Impedance}\text{ Z}}$ Since R/Z is the …

Apparent, Active and Reactive Power

This section covers basic concepts about apparent, active (real) and reactive power which is important ingredients in the analysis of a power system. Consider the general single-phase circuit with a sinusoidal voltage $v={{V}_{m}}sin\left( wt \right)$ applied. A current $i={{I}_{m}}sin(wt\pm \theta )$  results and is leading (θ is positive) for a capacitive …

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Definition Maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power output is obtained when the load resistance RL is equal to Thevenin resistance Rth as seen from load Terminals. Fig.1: Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Any circuit or network may be represented by a Thevenin equivalent circuit.  The Thevenin …

Nodal Analysis or Node voltage Method

Nodal analysis or Node voltage method uses node voltages as circuit variables in order to analyze the circuit. The objective of this section is to obtain a set of simultaneous linear equations. However, unlike the mesh analysis method, the procedure developed in this section depends on the choice of certain …

Comparison between Electrical and Magnetic Circuits

The most important differences between Electrical Circuit and Magnetic Circuit are discussed in this article on the basis of Exciting Force, Current & Flux Density, Lines of Force, Series & Parallel Circuit Behavior, Insulation, Energy, Temperature, and Circuits Representation. The following table keys out the main Differences between Electric and Magnetic …

Hysteresis Loss | Eddy Current and Core Losses

The area within the hysteresis loop is a product of B and H and this area represents the energy per unit volume that must be used per magnetization cycle to move the domains.  Hysteresis Loss With appropriate constants, the hysteresis loss can be given in watts per unit volume. An …