## W

Winding Capacitance                A side effect of inductors caused by multiple wraps of wire being in close proximity. Winding Resistance                The DC resistance of the wire making up the inductor. Wheatstone bridge Wheatstone bridge is used to measure unknown resistance Weber The SI unit of magnetic flux. Watt Power …

## Impedance Measurement Theory

The opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of AC is called impedance. By measuring the voltage and current in an AC circuit and utilizing the following equation $Z={}^{V}/{}_{I}$ We can obtain the magnitude of circuit impedance. However, it is often desirable to separate impedance into resistive and reactive …

## Ohmmeter Basic Concepts and Working Principle

Ohmmeter Definition An ohmmeter is an instrument used to measure the resistance. It is an instrument containing a voltage source and a meter directly calibrated in ohms. Series Ohmmeter One type of ohmmeter is the series ohmmeter, so called because the meter movement is in series with the source of …

## Trigonometric Fourier Series Solved Examples

Why Fourier series? There are many functions that are important in engineering which are not sinusoids or exponentials. A few examples are square waves, saw-tooth waves, and triangular pulses. Indeed, a function may be represented by a set of data points and have no analytical representation given at all. In …

## Classification of Systems in Signals and Systems

Systems can be classified into following different categories in signals and systems because of their inherent properties: Order of the system Causal and non-causal systems Linear and Non-Linear Systems Fixed and Time-Varying Systems Lumped and Distributed parameter Systems Continuous-time and Discrete-time Systems Instantaneous and dynamic systems Before proceeding to more …

## Bode Plot Example | Bode Diagram Example MATLAB

Bode Plot Example of First-Order System using Matlab In this article, Bode Plot of Simple Phase-Lag Network (First Order System) is obtained using Matlab. In order to draw Bode Plot, we need transfer function from which we deduce the equations for Magnitude and Phase. $G(s)=\frac{1}{2s+1}$ Function in the frequency domain …

## Bode Plot MATLAB | Bode Plot Transfer Function

Bode Plot Definition H.W. Bode introduced a method to present the information of a polar plot of a transfer function GH(s), actually the frequency response GH (jω), as two plots with the angular frequency were at the common axis. The first plot shows the magnitude of the transfer function as …

## State Space Representation and Example

The state space models derivation is not contrary to that of transfer functions in that the differential equations are written first in order to express the system dynamics.Generally, In transfer function models, these differential equations are transformed and variables are carried off between them in order to achieve the relation …

## Root Locus Method | Root Locus Matlab

what is Root Locus Consider as a standard form for root locus construction, the open-loop transfer function given by; $GH(s)=K\frac{(s+{{z}_{1}})(s+{{z}_{2}})\cdots (s+{{z}_{z}})}{(s+{{p}_{1}})(s+{{p}_{2}})\cdots (s+{{p}_{p}})}$   Where there are z finite zeros and p finite poles of GH(s). We write the characteristic equation for the system given below; Fig.1: Closed-Loop System $\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)H(s)}$ The …

## Transient Response | First and Second Order System Transient Response

Transient Response Definition  Damping Oscillation: A typical Transient Response Example For a system with transfer function G(s), whether open loop or closed loop and input R(s), the output is $C\left( s \right)=\text{ }G\text{ }\left( s \right)\text{ }R\left( s \right)$ For distinct poles, whether real or complex, the partial fraction expansion …

## Physical Quantities and Units | Physical Quantity Definition

Physical Quantity Definition A physical quantity is characterized by defining how it is measured or by expressing how it is computed from other measurements. For instance, distance and time are expressed by defining methods for evaluating them, while we express average speed by stating that it is computed as distance …

## Nyquist Theorem | Nyquist Stability Criterion

Nyquist Criterion Definition The Nyquist criterion is a frequency domain tool which is used in the study of stability. To use this criterion, the frequency response data of a system must be presented as a polar plot in which the magnitude and the phase angle are expressed as a function …

## Signal Flow Graphs and Mason’s Gain Formula

Signal Flow Graph The application of mason’s gain formula to the signal flow graph corresponding to a given detailed block diagram is undoubtedly simplest operational procedure for obtaining the system transfer function. A signal flow graph is composed of various loops and one or more paths leading from an input …

First Order Control System First Order System is the one that has only one independent energy storage element. The mathematical expression of first order system can be written in terms of a single variable and its derivative as $a\frac{dy}{dt}+by=f(t)\text{ (a)}$ The natural or un-driven response for above equation is given as …